All retinal experiments were approved by the Duke University Animal Care and Use Committee. Adult mice (2–6 months, C57Bl/6J, Jackson Laboratories, 000664) of both sexes were used. Animals were kept on a 12-hour light/dark cycle with ad lib access to food and water. Prior to use, animals were dark-adapted overnight by placing the animal in a light-shielded box fitted with an air pump for circulation. All dissection procedures the day of the experiment were carried out in complete darkness using infrared converters and cameras. Mice were decapitated, eyes enucleated and placed into oxygenated room-temperature Ames solution (Sigma, A1420) during retinal dissection and vitrectomy as described previously [100 (link)].