ChIP assay was performed as previously reported (42 (link)). Primary HSCs were cross-linked by 1.42% formaldehyde followed by quenching with 125 mM glycine. Cells were lysed by ChIP buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail. After sonication, sheared chromatin supernatants were added with normal rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) (2729, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-Stat5 antibody (94205, Cell Signaling Technology), or anti-Smad3 antibody (ab28379, Abcam) followed by precipitation with Protein A Magnetic Beads (S1425S, New England Biolabs). The DNA was eluted from the beads and heated to reverse cross-linking before being subjected to real-time PCR using the following ChIP primers (43 (link)): Acta2: 5′-CAAGTCCTCAGCTAATGGCC-3′ (forward) and 5′-GGGGATAAACATCCTAAGCC-3′ (reverse); Col1a1: 5′-CCTCTGCCTCTTCTTGAGAGC-3′ (forward) and 5′-GGAGAGGAGCTAAGTGTGAAGC-3′ (reverse); Glrx promoter: 5′-GTACCCACCTTACAGGGCAA-3′ (forward) and 5′-TGCATAGTGATTGGGCCTTG-3′ (reverse); Bcl2 promoter: 5′-TTGCCGAGAAGAAGGGAGAA-3′ (forward) and 5′-CGGCGGCAGATGAATTACAA-3′ (reverse); Il10 promoter: 5′-ATTGTAAAACAGGGCCATGG-3′ (forward) and 5′-GGCAGTTGGTCAGAGGAGAG-3′ (reverse); Cdkal1 promoter: 5′-GGCAAATGGATCAGTGCTCA-3′ (forward) and 5′-TCCAAACTGCGAGAACAAGC-3′ (reverse).