Transwell cell invasion assays were conducted as previously described (19 (link)). Pancreatic cells were resuspended in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium and then seeded into the upper chamber (8 μm pore size; Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). A 10% FBS-complete RPMI-1640 medium was added to the lower chamber. After 24 h, the invaded cells to the lower face of the filters were fixed, stained with 0.1% crystal violet solution (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), and counted at ×200 magnification in 10 randomly chosen fields. Experiments were repeated three times.
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