We recruited adult patients, age > 18 years, with CD, UC, or
indeterminate colitis in a prospective patient cohort, the prospective registry
of IBD study at Massachusetts General Hospital (PRISM). All patients were
interviewed by a study coordinator and provided detailed information regarding
their disease which was verified by their treating physician. Disease location
was classified according to the Montreal classification in CD as involving the
ileum alone, colon alone, or ileocolonic with a modifier for upper
gastrointestinal tract involvement and perianal disease. Disease behavior was
stratified as inflammatory, stricturing, or penetrating disease. Disease extent
in UC was according to the Montreal classification; patients with proctitis and
left-sided colitis were collapsed into one stratum. Smoking status was
classified as current, never, or former smoker at enrollment into the study. We
also obtained information on medication use including use of immunomodulators
(azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate) and anti-TNF agents
(infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol). Disease phenotype and medication
use was updated till August 2012. All patients provided informed consent and the
study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Partners Healthcare.