Plasma levels of various pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines including RANTES, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and TNF-α were measured as described previously [19 (link)] using the multiplex cytokine assay kit (Bio-Rad, CA, USA). Briefly, plasma samples were centrifuged and the supernatants were diluted with sample diluent (1:3). Next, 50 µl of each sample was used to determine the levels of these cytokines/chemokines using Biorad Bioplex HTS (Bio-Rad, CA, USA). The levels of cytokines were determined using the standard curve.
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