Wild-type streptavidin tetramer was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The biotin disulfides were synthesized according to a previous report (22 (link)) and treated by the immobilized (tris[2-carboxyethyl]phosphine hydrochloride) disulfide reducing gel from Thermo Fisher Scientific (catalog number 77712) following the manufacturer’s instructions. All other chemicals used in the probe fabrication and electrochemical characterization were bought from Sigma-Aldrich, apart from the plating solution. The plating solution was obtained from Tianyue (China), which has 5 g in 250 ml of electrolyte.
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