Cervical cells were collected using dry swab samples, according to routine procedures, from the cervical canal of all participants and placed in a 20-mL standard test tube filled with ThinPrep PreservCyt solution (Hologic Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts) for HPV DNA testing. For HPV assays, 1 mL of the cell suspension was used for DNA extract and was stored at −20°C. The HPV testing was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-reverse dot blot Yaneng HPV Genotyping Kit (Yaneng Biotech, Shenzhen, China), which is capable of detecting 23 genotypes, including 18 HR-HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73, 82, and 83) and 5 low-risk (LR)-HPV types (6, 11, 42, 43, and 81).6 (link)