Cell lengths and widths of strains growing in BHI broth were measured from phase-contrast images by using Nikon NIS-Element AR software as described before (Barendt et al., 2009 (link), Tsui et al., 2014 (link)). For strains that do not show chaining morphology, separated stage 1 cells or daughter cells of stage 4 cells were measured. For strains that form short chains of cells, measurements included cells in chains whose widths at constriction sites were < 50% of cell widths. Fifty or more cells from two independent experiments were measured for each strain. P values were obtained by one-way ANOVA analysis (GraphPad Prism, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test).