The tissue array consists of matched recurrent/resistant and primary/naive from 14 ovarian cancer patients (39 (link)). Slides deparaffinization, antigen retrieving, and blocking were performed as we have described (40 (link)). The arrays were stained with anti-phospho- PKR T446 antibody (ab32036, 1:200 dilutions, Abcam) by using a VECTASTAIN Elite ABC-Peroxidase Kits following the manufacturer’s instructions (PK-6101, VECTOR LAB INC). Mouse tumors from SKOV3 xenografts (control and PKR knockout) were used to validate the antibody. Cleaved caspase 3 IHC staining (1:100 dilutions) was also used to detect cell death in tumors. Cell nuclei were stained with hematoxylin. Ventana iScan HT (Roche) was used for slide scanning with a 20X objective lens. Scoring and statistical analysis were done as we previously described (40 (link)).