The maximum isokinetic strength of the quadriceps was assessed using a dynamometer (MYORET RZ-450; Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kobe, Japan). Prior to the muscle strength test, participants warmed up using a stationary cycling ergometer for 5 min at low resistance. The participant sat on the seat of the dynamometer and was stabilized using straps. The test was first performed with the dominant leg. Each participant performed two practice contractions, followed by five maximal effort contractions at 60°/s. The test was repeated on the non-dominant leg. The peak extension torque was recorded as raw data in Newton meters (Nm) and was normalized according to body weight (Nm/kg).
Handgrip strength was measured using a grip strength dynamometer (TKK 5401; Takei Scientific Instruments, Niigata, Japan). To perform the test, the participant was seated in a chair with the shoulders neutral, elbows at 90° flexion, and forearms neutral in supination/pronation. The participant was given verbal encouragement to squeeze the dynamometer as tightly as possible for 2 or 3 s. Two trials were performed for each measurement, and the higher value was used. The order of measurement between the right and left hands was randomized for each participant.10 (link))
Handgrip strength was measured using a grip strength dynamometer (TKK 5401; Takei Scientific Instruments, Niigata, Japan). To perform the test, the participant was seated in a chair with the shoulders neutral, elbows at 90° flexion, and forearms neutral in supination/pronation. The participant was given verbal encouragement to squeeze the dynamometer as tightly as possible for 2 or 3 s. Two trials were performed for each measurement, and the higher value was used. The order of measurement between the right and left hands was randomized for each participant.10 (link))
