Metabolic testing was performed on male and female offspring at various time points throughout 52 weeks of life. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTTs) and insulin tolerance tests (ITTs) were performed as previously described (30 (link),31 (link)). Blood was collected from the retro-orbital sinus after an overnight fast (2200–0900 h) to measure plasma insulin levels using a mouse ELISA kit (Crystal Chem Inc). The assessment of fat and lean mass was performed using DEXA (Lunar PIXImus2 mouse densitometer) with offspring anesthetized with an injection of a mixture of ketamine HCL (100 mg/kg i.p.) and xylazine (10 mg/kg i.p.) before scanning.