Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed as previously described using a Sakura Tissue-Tek Prima Autostainer (Torrance, CA) [2 (link)]. For IHC staining, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded slides were deparaffinized in xylene and hydrated using graded ethanol washes. Tissues were treated with antigen retrieval buffer (S1699 from DAKO; Glostrup, Denmark) in a steamer for 20 min. Anti-SOX2 (D6D9 rabbit monoclonal, Cell Signaling Technology; Danvers, MA) was applied for 1 h at room temperature in a humidity chamber. Following TBS wash, antigen–antibody binding was detected with Envision+system (K4001, DAKO; Carpinteria, CA) and DAB+Chromogen (K3468, DAKO). Tissue sections were briefly immersed in hematoxylin for counterstaining and were cover-slipped. Staining quantitation was conducted by a genitourinary pathologist. Controls for specificity of anti-SOX2 staining using the D6D9 antibody are shown in Supplemental Figure 1.