The standard measurements such as the time spent in the open arms and the number of entries in either the open or the closed arms were automatically analyzed by the software viewer2 (Biobserve GmbH, Bonn, Germany). Entries were counted when all four paws had crossed into one of the arms. Horizontal locomotor activity is expressed as the number of closed arm entries and the actual distance (cm) covered by the animal in the entire maze. Percentage of time spent on the open arms was calculated as percentage of the total time the rat spent on the maze [open arm time % = 100 × (OA time/total time)]. Other behavioral variables such as the frequency of rearings (rat stood on its hind paws, raised both forepaws off the ground and ended when at least one forepaw had reached the floor again), head dips (dipping the head below the open arm of the EPM, with all four paws on an open arm), and risk assessment (at least one paw remains in a closed arm while nose and eyes cross into one of the open arm) were analyzed by an experienced experimenter blind to the treatment condition.