The cell proliferation assay was carried out in a 96-well plate using cells seeded at a density of 1 × 104/well and treated for 48 h with different doses of recombinant human PlGF (rhPlGF, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA). A CCK-8 assay (CCK-8, Dojindo, Japan) to determine cell proliferation was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. HLMEC migration was assessed in a ‘scratch-wound’ assay22 (link).
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