Colonies were established with 1,200 barcoded, 1-d-old worker bees and one unrelated, naturally mated queen that was also barcoded. Each colony was provided with the same amount of honey and artificial “bee bread.” We provided sufficient honey to feed the entire colony for the duration of the experiment and enough bee bread for 2 d. After sundown on the second or third day of the experiment, we opened the hive entrance to allow workers to begin foraging. Five days later, we removed as many foragers as possible from the colony. We performed five separate trials of this experiment in summer and autumn of 2013. Further details are described in SI Text .
Protocol detail
Barcoded Bee Colony Establishment
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Other organizations : Leipzig University, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
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Variable analysis
independent variables
- Time of day that the hive entrance was opened to allow workers to begin foraging (after sundown on the second or third day of the experiment)
- Number of foragers removed from the colony five days after the hive entrance was opened
- Initial colony size (1,200 barcoded, 1-d-old worker bees)
- Queen (one unrelated, naturally mated queen that was also barcoded)
- Amount of honey provided (sufficient to feed the entire colony for the duration of the experiment)
- Amount of artificial "bee bread" provided (enough for 2 d)
- Positive control: Not mentioned
- Negative control: Not mentioned
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