Extraction of genomic DNA, PCR with gene-specific primers (see Table S5 in the supplemental material), and cloning of genes into plasmids pET9a-USER-1 and pET9a-USER-2 were carried out as described previously (10 (link)). Expression of recombinant enzymes was carried out in ZYP-5052 autoinduction medium (40 (link)) supplemented with appropriate antibiotics, and cells were disrupted in a FastPrep-24 5G bead beater (MP Biomedicals) as described by Schultz-Johansen et al. (10 (link)). Recombinant, His-tagged enzymes were subsequently applied to a HisTrap FF column (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) charged with 100 mM NiSO4. After a washing step performed with 50 mM imidazole, the bound proteins were eluted with a linear gradient of imidazole ranging from 50 to 700 mM. Final protein concentration and purity were determined with a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Illkirch, France) and by SDS/PAGE, respectively. Extracts from E. coli cells treated with an empty vector were processed and analyzed in parallel as negative controls.
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