Genomic DNA was directly extracted from filters as described in Zhou et al. (31 (link)) with the following modifications: all extraction steps were performed with 50 µl proteinase K (10 mg/ml), and after isopropanol precipitation, pelleted nucleic acids were obtained by centrifugation at 50 000g for 30 min at room temperature. The genomic DNA was stored at −20°C until PCR amplification and metagenomic sequencing were carried out.