Protein production, purification, AVEXIS assays and SPR were performed essentially as described11 (link) except the type II proteins which were expressed with an N-terminal Cd4d3+4-biotin tag and a mouse antibody signal peptide. PfRh5 was expressed as above except that a non-endogenous signal peptide was added and the threonines in potential N-linked glycan sequons were mutated to alanine to prevent inappropriate glycosylation. All constructs were chemically synthesized and codon optimised for mammalian expression (Geneart AG). Purified pentameric proteins used in invasion assays were made by replacing the β-lactamase reporter in the prey plasmid with a hexa-his tag, purified and buffer exchanged into RPMI prior to use. BSG variants were produced by site directed mutagenesis.