ORL-48, ORL-204 and ORL-188 oral cancer cell lines isolated respectively from gingiva (gum), buccal mucosa (lining of the cheeks and back of the lips) and tongue were obtained from Cancer Research Malaysia (Subang Jaya, Selangor). These cells were established from surgically resected specimens obtained from untreated primary human oral squamous cell carcinomata of the oral cavity as in vitro models to study a disease prevalent in Asia. Their growth characteristics, epithelial origin and molecular alterations were previously characterized (24 (link), 25 (link)). Genetic information and clinical data associated with these ORL cell lines are available at https://genipac.cancerresearch.my/ (26 (link)). ORL-48, ORL-204 and ORL-188 cells were cultured and maintained in DMEM/F-12 medium (Nacalai Tesque Inc., Kyoto, Japan) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (Nacalai Tesque Inc.) and 0.1% penicillin-streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, Merck) at 37 °C and 5% CO2.
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