Subjects were genotyped using the HumanOmniExpress array (Illumina) employing BeadStudio quality control, which included reclustering on project samples following Illumina guidelines, as previously described for COPDGene. Genotype imputation was performed using the Michigan Imputation Server and the HRC 1.1 reference NHW and the 1000 Genome Phase 1 v3 for AAs.35 (link) Ancestry-based principal components (PCs) were calculated and used as previously described.36 (link),37 (link) Variants were filtered to include only single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor allele frequencies >1% in the sample population.
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