Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, HT-29, Lovo, and HCT-116 were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Antibodies for ATF3 were purchased from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Antibodies for GSK3β, PARP, actin, phospho-AKT (Ser473) and total AKT were purchased from Cell Signaling (Beverly, MA, USA). The trans-10, cis-12 CLA (t10, c12-CLA) was purchased from Natural Lipids (Hovdebygda, Norway). The t10, c12-CLA preparation was 94 % pure, with 2% cis-9, trans-11 isomer (c9, t11-CLA) and 3% other conjugated linoleic acid isomers. IGF-1 was purchased from BD Biosciences (Bedford, MA, USA). Human ATF3 promoter constructs were previously reported (Lee et al., 2010a (link)). All chemicals were purchased from Fisher Scientific, unless otherwise specified.