Matrigel-coated invasion assays were performed using a 24-well Transwell chamber system (Corning, NY, USA) as previously described 37 (link). Briefly, 5×104 cells in 400 μL serum-free culture medium were placed into the upper chamber, which was coated with Matrigel (BD, New Jersey, USA). A total of 600 μL medium supplemented with 20% FBS was added to the lower chamber. After incubation for 24 h, cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with 0.1% crystal violet (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 30 min. The stained cells were analyzed.
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