Short oxidized MWCNTs with 0.5–2 μm in length and in three diameters (<8 nm; 8–15 nm; 20–30 nm) were purchased from Nanostructured and Amorphous Materials. Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoethanolamine conjugated to polyethylene glycol5000 terminated with a methoxy group (DSPE-PEG), maleimide (DSPE-PEG-Mal), and fluorescein isothiocyanate (DSPE-PEG-FITC) were purchased from Nanocs, Inc. N-Succinimidyl S-acetylthioacetate (SATA) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride were purchase from Thermo Scientific. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dehydrate, sodium hydroxide solution, penicillin and streptomycin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. An anti-Pgp monoclonal antibody (15D3) was produced in house using a method described previously.38 (link) Water used in all experiments was purified using a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, S.A.S, B.P).