Colonic tissues were lysed in Cell Lytic Mammalian Tissue Lysis Extraction Reagent (Sigma) and analyzed using the 25-analyte MILLIPLEX MAP Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel (EMD Millipore) on a FLEXMAP 3D instrument (Luminex) (21 (link), 22 (link)). Data were standardized to tissue protein concentrations measured by the BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce). TNF-α and IFN-γ in tissues was measured using R&D DuoSet ELISA kits (10 (link)).