The basic system was as previously described.36 (link)–39 (link) Briefly, fear conditioning experiments were conducted in a 27 × 27 × 11 cm chamber with clear acrylic backs and doors, aluminum sides, stainless steel rod floors (rods were spaced 1/8 inches apart), stainless steel drop pans (Med Associates), and overhead lights set at 4 lx. Footshocks were administered through the rods via solid state shock scramblers and electronic constant current shock sources controlled by Actimetrics Freezeframe version 4 software (Wilmette, Illinois) run on a desktop PC. Actimetrics Freezeframe version 4 software was also used to record behavior using individual cameras mounted above each chamber. Chamber details were altered to create different experimental contexts in some experiments (as indicated in figure legends).