Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). ESR was measured in blood samples in K3EDTA tubes (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) with a TEST-1 automatic apparatus (Alifax, Padova, Italy). The TEST-1 apparatus was validated against the Westergren reference method according to the criteria of the International Council for Standardization in Hematology. Reference values are 0–20 mm/h for men and 0–30 mm/h for women. ESR determination was available for 1472 participants [37 (link)].
Serum cytokines. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) were determined in fresh serum samples using a chemiluminescent immunoassay (IMMULITE 2000 System, Siemens Health Care Diagnostics, Barcelona, Spain). Results were available for 1499 individuals [46 (link)].