Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from fresh blood leukocyte source packs (American Red Cross, Columbus, OH) by density gradient centrifugation using a Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient (GE Healthcare, formerly Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ). Positive selection for monocytes was performed using CD14 antibody conjugated to magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA). Purity of these preparations of monocytes was >90% as determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses using CD14 antibodies. Differentiation of these cells to macrophages (MDM) was performed as described (29 (link)).