A total of 15 AVM patients were randomly selected for venous blood collection, along with 15 healthy controls. Flow cytometry technique was applied to analyze the percentage of EPCs in the total mononuclear cells as previously reported.11 (link) EPCs were defined as triple-positive signals for CD133, CD34, and KDR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was also employed to detect the level of SDF-1α in peripheral blood by using previously established protocols12 (link) and the human CXCL12/SDF-1α ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). A correlation analysis was then performed to identify the correlation between EPCs percentage and SDF-1α level in each individual sample.