One hundred eighty students participated in this study, including ninety healthy males (mean ± SD: age: 15.11 ± 4.79 years, height: 161.4 ± 17.13 cm, body mass: 53.14 ± 17.79 kg) and ninety healthy females (mean ± SD: age: 15 ± 5 years, height: 155.31 ± 12.28 cm, body mass: 49.22 ± 14.11 kg). Participants were from different age groups, including before puberty (i.e., 9 to 10 years; n = 30 male and 30 females), puberty (i.e., 14 to 15 years; n = 30 males and 30 females) and adulthood (20 to 22 years; n = 30 male and 30 females). A general health questionnaire was completed by participants and did not present any medical restrictions. Individuals aged 9–10 years old, 14–15 years old, and 20–22 years old participated in two hours of physical education per week at school or university. All participants who engaged in other physical activity or sports were eliminated from this study. Puberty was assessed and verified according to the Tanner model [28 (link)], which was used for inclusion or exclusion between groups. After a detailed presentation of the investigation's objectives, advantages, and potential risks, all participants and their parents provided written informed consent. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki for human experimentation. The local research ethics committee of the High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, approved the protocol with the code number a10-2019, authorized on January 25, 2019.
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