Stimuli were presented using a DLP Lightcrafter (Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX) projector. Three coherent optic fibers were used to direct the projected light onto three screens made of back-projection material, surrounding the fly 8 (link),38 (link). The screens covered the front 270 degrees around the fly, and ~45 degrees in elevation above and below the fly. The projectors were set to monochrome mode, updating at 120 Hz. Stimulus video was generated through Flystim (https://github.com/ClandininLab/flystim), a custom Python application developed in the Clandinin Lab 74 . Stimuli were mapped onto a virtual cylinder around the fly and Flystim generated a viewpoint-corrected video signal.
Behavioral experiments were performed 12–48 hours after eclosion, as described in the figures. Flies were cold-anesthetized and fixed to needles using UV-cured adhesive (Bondic, Niagara Falls, NY). Flies were then placed above air-suspended balls made with LAST-A-FOAM FR-4615 polyurethane foam (General Plastics, Tacoma, WA). These balls were 9 mm in diameter and weighed ~91.7 mg. The motion of balls was detected by a Flea3 FL3-U3–13Y3M camera (Teledyne Flir, Wilsonville, OR) and Fictrac software 75 (link).