Venous blood samples were collected after 8 h of overnight fasting. Fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, TGs, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were determined by a Hitachi Automatic Analyzer 7600 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with an automated HLC-723G7 analyzer (Tosoh Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Serum creatinine levels were measured colorimetrically (Hitachi Automatic Analyzer 7600), and eGFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation [21 (link)]. To obtain the UACR, urinary albumin was measured in fasting morning spot urine using the immunoturbidimetric method, and urinary creatinine was measured using the colorimetric method. Urine sodium concentrations were measured using an ion-selective electrode, and 24-h sodium excretion was estimated based on concentrations of sodium and creatinine in fasting morning spot urine specimens according to 3 different methods (S1 Table).
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