Protein expression was analyzed by western blotting as previously described (Chai et al. 2014 (link); Yuan et al. 2015 (link)). For western blot analysis, primary antibodies against NFκB (rabbit polyclonal antibody, ab16502), TNFα (rabbit polyclonal antibody, ab6671), NLRP3 (rabbit polyclonal antibody, ab210491), IL-1β (rabbit polyclonal antibody, ab9722), IL-6 (rabbit polyclonal antibody, ab208113) and caspase1 (rabbit polyclonal antibody, ab1872) were purchased from Abcam (UK). TLR4 (mouse monoclonal antibody, sc-293072) and ASC (mouse monoclonal antibody, sc-271054) were purchased from Santa Cruz (USA). IL-18 (rabbit polyclonal antibody, TA324190) was purchased from ORIGENE (USA). The goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP (ZB2305) and goat anti-rabbit (ZB2301) IgG-HRP secondary antibodies were purchased from ZSGB-Bio, Beijing, China. The targeted proteins were visualized with the Super Signal West Femto Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Scientific Pierce) and the intensity of the visualized bands were analyzed using Quantity One software (Bio-Rad). β-actin (mouse monoclonal antibody, TA-09, Zhongshan Jinqiao Biotech company, Beijing, China) was used as an internal control. Data are expressed as a ratio to β-actin.
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