The current study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Yogita Dental College and Hospital (YDCH/2017/1925/2022; date of approval 12 October 2022) and conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics of Yogita Dental College and Hospital, Khed, Maharashtra, India. Sixty single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth with fully developed apices that were excised for orthodontic purposes were employed in the current investigation. X-rays were used to select teeth exhibiting only one canal with no cracks or fractures found under an operating microscope (×10) and displaying no dilaceration or calcification and were immediately stored in a 0.9% thymol solution until use. To obtain a standardized length of 15 mm, the teeth were decoronated at a cementoenamel junction using a low-speed handpiece (NSK, Kanuma, Japan) and diamond disc underwater cooling. By subtracting 1 mm from the root canal length, working lengths were established. This was followed by standardized biomechanical preparation of the canals using ProTaper Universal Rotary Instruments (Dentsply Sirona) up to F3 apical size. The specimens were then randomly divided into three groups (n = 20) according to the final irrigation regimen, as follows:
Group I: 3 mL 5.25% NaOCl (Prime Dental Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India) followed by 3 mL saline (control).
Group II: 3 mL Arnica montana followed by 3 mL saline.
Group III: 3 mL 2% CHX (Prevest DenPro Ltd., Jammu, India) followed by 3 mL saline.
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