Embryos were deyolked80 (link), and then homogenized in lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 0.1% Triton X-100, protease inhibitor cocktail and phosphatase inhibitor (Roche)). Protein lysates were separated on SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane (Amersham Biosciences), and incubated with anti-LC3 (Cell Signaling Technology, 1:1 000), phos-S6K (Cell Signaling Technology, 1:1 000), phos-RPS6 (Cell Signaling Technology, 1:1 000), phos-elf2a (Cell Signaling Technology, 1:1 000), p62 (MBL,1:1 000), Beclin1 (abcam, 1:5 000), p53 (a gift from Jinrong Peng, Zhejiang University) or anti-α-tubulin (Sigma, 1:2 000) antibodies, and then HRP-conjugated secondary Antibodies.