VP1 expression constructs used in this work were reported previously (9 (link),10 (link)). Viral isolates BKV-Ia (BK-D; accession number JF894228), BKV-Ib2 (PittVR2; DQ989796), BKV-Ic (RYU-2; AB211377), BKV-II (GBR-12; AB263920), BKV-III (KOM-3; AB211386), and BKV-IVb (THK-8; AB211390) were used to design codon-modified ORFs, which were chemically synthesized by Blue Heron Biotech. Gateway recombination technology (Invitrogen) was used to transfer the codon-modified open reading frames into expression plasmid pGwf (4 ). The codon-modified VP2/VP3 minor capsid protein genes based on BKV isolate A-66H were used for production of all BKV pseudoviruses.