Kainic Acid-Induced Seizure Model

Intrahippocampal Kainic acid injections were performed as described previously^{21 (link)}. Briefly, mice were placed under isoflurane anesthesia and given local anesthetic, 0.5% bupivacaine, at the site of incision. Kainic acid (60 nl, 20 mmol l⁻¹ in saline; Tocris Bioscience) was injected into the dorsal hippocampus (from the bregma: −2.0 mm anterior-posterior (AP), +1.25 mm medial-lateral (ML), −1.6 mm dorsal–ventral (DV)). The above protocol was modified for intra-amygdala Kainic acid injections in which 100 nl, 20 mmol l⁻¹ Kainic acid in saline was injected into the right basolateral amygdala (from the bregma: −1.2 mm AP, +3.3 mm ML, −4.2 from dura DV). For both intrahippocampal Kainic acid and intra-amygdala Kainic acid, kainic-acid-induced status epilepticus after injection was allowed to self-terminate. For experiments conducted in the setting of acute seizures, animals were allowed to recover for 2 h (scFLARE experiments in Fig. 1c,d and Extended Data Fig. 3b) or returned to the vivarium for at least 2 weeks to allow for the emergence of chronic spontaneous seizures (scFLARE experiments in Extended Data Fig. 2b, and all calcium imaging and closed-loop optogenetic experiments).