Viral and host protein analysis were evaluated as previously described (55 (link), 59 (link)). Briefly, cell lysates were resolved on 7.5% Mini-Protean TGX SDS-PAGE gels and then transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes using a Trans-Blot Turbo transfer system (Bio-Rad). Membranes were blocked with 5% (wt/vol) nonfat dry milk in TBST (TBS plus 0.1% [vol/vol] Tween 20) for 1 h and then probed with the indicated primary antibody in 3% (wt/vol) bovine serum albumin in TBST at 4°C overnight. After overnight incubation, the membranes were probed with the following secondary antibodies in 5% (wt/vol) nonfat dry milk in TBST for 1 h at room temperature: anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG-HRP-conjugated antibody from sheep (both 1:10,000; GE Healthcare). Proteins were visualized using ECL or SuperSignal West Femto chemiluminescence reagents (Pierce) and detected by autoradiography. The following primary antibodies were used: anti-pSTAT1 Y701 (1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technologies, 9171L), anti-STAT1 D1K9Y (1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technologies, 14994P), anti-IFITM1 (1:1,000; Invitrogen, PA5-20989), anti-SARS-CoV/CoV-2 Spike 1A9 (1:1,000; GeneTex, GTX632604), and anti-β-actin (1:1,000; Abcam, ab8227).