β-lactamase (Bla) translocation was quantified as reported previously [43 (link), 44 (link)] using LiveBLAzer FRET-B/G Loading Kit with CCF2-AM (ThermoFisher Scientific). Plates were read in a SpectraMax M2 fluorometer (Molecular Devices) with a filter set 450/520 nm. See S1 Text for details.
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