Body weight was measured using a Seca 899 digital scale to the nearest 0.1 kg, with participants wearing light clothing and no shoes. Height was measured using a Seca 213 portable stadiometer to the nearest 0.1 cm, with participants wearing no shoes/minimal headwear. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation, weight (kg)/height (m)2. Waist circumference was measured using a flexible retractable non-elastic tape and recorded to the nearest 0.01 cm.
The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) was used to measure participants’ lower body extremity physical function [50 (link)–52 (link)]. These measures include gait speed, balance and time taken to perform five repeated chair rises [52 (link)]. Handgrip strength was measured using a Jamar hand dynamometer in the standing position [53 ]. The standing position was chosen as it has been shown to produce maximal grip strength as compared to other body positions [54 ]. During all measurements, the Jamar handgrip dynamometer was adjusted to the second handle as this has also been shown to produce consistent and reliable maximal handgrip strength results [55 (link)]. Each measurement was completed three times and the highest recording used for analysis.
The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) was used to measure participants’ lower body extremity physical function [50 (link)–52 (link)]. These measures include gait speed, balance and time taken to perform five repeated chair rises [52 (link)]. Handgrip strength was measured using a Jamar hand dynamometer in the standing position [53 ]. The standing position was chosen as it has been shown to produce maximal grip strength as compared to other body positions [54 ]. During all measurements, the Jamar handgrip dynamometer was adjusted to the second handle as this has also been shown to produce consistent and reliable maximal handgrip strength results [55 (link)]. Each measurement was completed three times and the highest recording used for analysis.
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