hTert-immortalized human normal airway tracheobronchial epithelial cells, BCi.NS1.1 (58 (link)), were maintained in ExPlus growth media (StemCell). To generate HAEC, BCi.NS1.1 cells were plated (7.5E4 cells/well) on rat-tail collagen type 1-coated permeable transwell membrane supports (6.5 mm; Corning Inc.), immersed in ExPlus growth media in both the apical and the basal chambers. Upon reaching confluence, the medium in the apical chamber was removed (airlift), and the medium in the basal chamber was changed to Pneumacult ALI maintenance media (StemCell). Pneumacult ALI maintenance medium was changed every 2 days for approximately 6 weeks to form differentiated, polarized cultures that resemble in vivo pseudostratified mucociliary epithelium.