The bacterial strains used in this study were Bacteroides fragilis (32-6-I 11 MRS AN), Escherichia coli K12 (ATCC 25404), Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (ATCC 15697), Bacteroides caccae (ATCC 43185), Prevotella intermedia (ATCC 25611), Clostridium beijerinckii (ATCC 51743), Ruminococcus bromii (ATCC 27255), Akkermansia muciniphila (ATCC BAA-835), and Enterococcus faecalis (SF24397). Each bacterium was originally isolated from the human gut, with the exception of P. intermedia, which comes from the human oral cavity. All bacteria were cultured anaerobically in an anerobic chamber (Coy Laboratory Products; 5% H2, 20% CO2, 75% N2) at 37°C overnight directly from frozen (−80°C) glycerol stocks, in autoclaved reduced Bovine Heart Infusion broth (rBHI; Oxoid).
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