Chloroform, methanol, ethanol, n-hexane, acetone, n-butanol, acetic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, sodium tungstate, sodium carbonate, phosphoric acid, gallic acid, β-carotene, Tween 40, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were procured from the Fisher Scientific Co. (Nepean, ON, Canada) and Sigma-Aldrich Ltd. (Oakville, ON, Canada).