Anabasine Treatment for Crithidia Infection

Anabasine treatments commenced immediately post-inoculation and were provided throughout the 7 d experiment. Sucrose solutions with anabasine (5 ppm) were made by dissolving the liquid compound (+/- anabasine, 97% purity, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; mixed enantiomers were also used in previous studies of Crithidia [16 (link),18 (link)]) in 30% w/w sucrose. Solutions were stored at 4°C and remade every 2 weeks. (Stock solutions of nicotine and related alkaloids are stable for >3 months at 4°C [68 ].) Bees were supplied with 500 μL treatment solution and fresh pollen (~50 mg) daily.
Bees were dissected 7 d post-infection to assess infection intensity using the methods described above (see Experimental Inoculations). Crithidia infection normally reaches a maximum by this time [67 (link)].

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Palmer-Young E.C., Hogeboom A., Kaye A.J., Donnelly D., Andicoechea J., Connon S.J., Weston I., Skyrm K., Irwin R.E, & Adler L.S. (2017). Context-dependent medicinal effects of anabasine and infection-dependent toxicity in bumble bees. PLoS ONE, 12(8), e0183729.

Publication 2017

(+/- anabasine

Alkaloids Anabasine Bees Crithidia Infection Inoculations Nicotine Pollen Sucrose

Corresponding Organization : North Carolina State University

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Variable analysis

independent variables

Anabasine treatments

dependent variables

Crithidia infection intensity

control variables

Sucrose solutions (30% w/w)
Fresh pollen (~50 mg) provided daily
Bees dissected 7 d post-infection

controls

Positive control: Not explicitly mentioned.
Negative control: Not explicitly mentioned.

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