We conducted a cross-sectional observational study of DM patients recruited from January 2016 through July 2017 at CUHK Eye Centre, Hong Kong Eye Hospital. Inclusion criteria for study eyes included [1 (link)] patients with type 1 or type 2 DM [2 (link)]; spherical refractive error within the range of − 8.5 to + 4.0 diopter (D) with less than 5.0 D of cylinder; and [3 (link)] VA not worse than Snellen 20/200. Exclusion criteria for study eyes included [1 (link)] prior retinal surgery, intraocular surgery, intravitreal injection, and retinal laser photocoagulation [2 (link)]; eye conditions which interfere with imaging and VA (e.g., dense cataract, corneal ulcer) [3 (link)]; glaucoma [4 (link)]; eye pathology unrelated to DM (e.g., wet age-related macular degeneration, epiretinal membrane and other maculopathy); and [5 (link)] patients who failed to cooperate when taking OCT-A images (e.g., fail to fixate their eyes for 7–8 s).
This study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Kowloon Central/East Research Ethics Committee. Written informed consent were obtained from all subjects.
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