Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis was performed, as described previously [20 (link)]. Briefly, the total RNA of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum was extracted using the TRIZOL reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and then reversely transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) using RevertAid reverse transcriptase (Takara, Otsu, Japan). RT-qPCR analysis was performed with SYBR green I fluorescent dye (Takara, Otsu, Japan). The relative levels of the mRNA expression of the target genes were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method [21 (link),22 (link)]. All primer sequences are presented in Table 2.
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