Cells were plated in black wall 96 well plates (1 × 104 cells per well) using a Multidrop 384 dispensing system (Labsystems, Waltham, MA, USA), and experiments were performed the subsequent day. Cells were incubated with various dilutions of CXCL12-GL or GL supernatants as described in figure legends. For competition experiments, cells were incubated with CXCL12 (R&D Systems); CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA); or CXCR7 antagonists CCX733 or CCX754 (gifts of ChemoCentryx) added 30 minutes before incubating cells with CXCL12-GL for 2 hours at 37° C. Cells then were washed twice with PBS before measuring cell-associated bioluminescence. 1 µg/ml coelenterazine in PBS was added to intact cells, and bioluminescence was measured immediately after adding substrate as described above.