Pulmonary vascular remodeling was evaluated as previously described [36 (link)]. Briefly, lung sections were stained with polyclonal rabbit anti-human vWF (Dako), mouse anti α-smooth muscle actin (SMA,1:500; Sigma, St Louis, MO) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Vector Biolabs, Burlingame, CA). The percentage of peripheral pulmonary vessels (< 50 μm in diameter) stained with α-SMA > 50% of the circumference was determined from ten random images on each lung section and all analyses were performed by a blinded observer.
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