Exosome-enriched serum sEV fractions were precipitated using ultracentrifugation and an ExoQuick precipitation kit (System Biosciences Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States)[16 (link)]. The sizes and particle concentrations of the isolated serum sEVs were measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA, NanoSight NS300, Malvern, United Kingdom). Serum sEVs were visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM, HT7700, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The expression of exosomal protein markers was determined by Western blot analysis. The details are provided in the Supplementary material, Supporting Information.