Heparin (HP) sodium salt from pig intestinal and chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A) sodium salt from whale cartilage were from Celsus Laboratories (Cincinnati, OH, USA). Hyaluronic acid (HA) sodium salt was provided by Prof. Toshihiko Toida (Chiba University, Japan). Vivapure Q Mini H spin columns were from Sartoriou Stedim Biotech (Bohemia, NY, USA). The eight unsaturated HS/HP disaccharide standards unsaturated heparin/HS disaccharides standards (Di-0S, ΔUA-GlcNAc; Di-NS, ΔUA-GlcNS; Di-6S, ΔUA-GlcNAc6S; Di-UA2S, ΔUA2S-GlcNAc; Di-UA2SNS, ΔUA2S-GlcNS; Di-NS6S, ΔUA-GlcNS6S; Di-UA2S6S, ΔUA2S-GlcNAc6S; and Di-triS, ΔUA2S-GlcNS6S) and eight unsaturated CS/DS disaccharides standards (Di-0S, ΔUA-GalNAc [where ΔUA is Δ-deoxy-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosyl uronic acid]; Di-4S, ΔUA-GalNAc4S; Di-6S, ΔUA-GalNAc6S; Di-UA2S, ΔUA2S-GalNAc; Di-diSB, ΔUA2S-GalNAc4S; Di-diSD, ΔUA2S-GalNAc6S; Di-diSE, ΔUA-GalNAc4S6S; Di-triS, ΔUA2S-GalNAc4S6S) were obtained from Seikagaku Corporation (Japan). One unsaturated disaccharide from HA, 0SHA, was from Iduron Co (Manchester, UK). AMAC and NaCNBH3 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Actinase E was from Kaken Biochemicals (Tokyo, Japan). Chondroitin lyase ABC from Proteus vulgaris and chondroitin lyase ACII from Arthrobacter aurescens was from Seikagaku Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). Recombinant Flavobacterial heparin lyase I, II, and III were expressed in our laboratory using Escherichia coli strains, provided by Professor Jian Liu (University of North Carolina, College of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA).