The serum levels of D-lactate (DLA) and diamine oxidase (DAO) were quantified with an ELISA kit (Jiangsu Enzyme-Labeled BioTECH, China). Meanwhile, to determine the concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) in the jejunum and secretory immunoglobulin (SigA) in the colon, ELISA kits (Jiangsu Enzyme-Labeled BioTECH, Yancheng, China) were also used and following the previous study (23 (link)). The protocols were carried out according to the instructions of the manufacturer.
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